Hormone therapy: A treatment involving medications to boost testosterone and sperm production or injections of hormone stimulators to treat low sperm count in people with hypogonadismons like epispadias.

A multitude of factors, such as physical obstruction of sperm release, reduced sperm count or motility, altered sperm morphology, infections, and hormonal imbalances, have been identified as contributing to male infertility. Anatomic defects, endocrinopathies, immunologic problems, ejaculatory failures, and environmental exposures are significant causes of infertility. Male-factor infertility may arise following the rare deficiencies in gonadotropin induction and maintenance of spermatogenesis, thereby providing a direct basis for hormonal therapy. Extratesticular causes of male infertility are less common. Specific therapies are readily available for extratesticular causes. Direct testicular injury to the male germ cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells is one of the major causes of infertility. Testicular injury leads to a compensatory increase in gonadotropins, which overcomes minor defects in testicular functions.